Aztec Sacrifice - The Meaning of Ritual Human Killings

Aztec Sacrifice - The Meaning of Ritual Human Killings Aztec sacrifices were famously a part of the Aztec culture, famous in part because of deliberate propaganda out of the Spanish conquistadors in Mexico, who at the time were involved in executing heretics and opponents in bloody ritual displays as part of the Spanish Inquisition. The over-emphasis on the role of human sacrifice has led to a distorted view of Aztec society: but it is also true that violence formed a regular and ritualized part of life in Tenochtitlan. Key Takeaways: Aztec Sacrifice Sacrifices were a regular and ritualized part of life in 15th- and 16th-century Aztec capital cities.  The numbers and extent of the practice were almost certainly inflated by Spanish conquistadors.  Reasonable estimates are between 1000 and 20,000 human sacrifices per year in Tenochitlan; the Spanish claimed much more.The main religious purpose was to renew and sustain life, and to communicate with the gods.  As a political tool, sacrifice was used terrorize Aztec subjects and legitimize the Aztec rulers and the state itself. How Common Was Human Sacrifice? As many Mesoamerican people did, the Aztec/Mexica believed that sacrifice to the gods was necessary to ensure the continuity of the world and the balance of the universe. They distinguished between two types of sacrifice: those involving humans and those involving animals or other offerings. Human sacrifices included both self-sacrifice, such as bloodletting, in which people would cut or perforate themselves; as well as the sacrifice of the lives of other human beings. Although both were quite frequent, the second one gained the Aztecs the fame of being a bloodthirsty and brutal people who worshiped cruel deities. Meaning of Aztec Sacrifices For the Aztecs, human sacrifice fulfilled multiple purposes, both at the religious and socio-political level. They considered themselves the â€Å"elected† people, the people of the Sun who had been chosen by the gods to feed them and by doing so were responsible for the continuity of the world. On the other hand, as the Mexica became the most powerful group in Mesoamerica, human sacrifice acquired the added value of political propaganda: requiring subject states to offer up human sacrifice was a way to maintain control over them. The rituals connected with the sacrifices included the so-called Flowery Wars intended not to kill the enemy but rather to obtain slaves and live war captives for sacrifices. This practice served to subjugate their neighbors and send a political message to both their own citizens as well as foreign leaders. A recent cross-cultural study by Watts et al. (2016) argued that human sacrifice also propped up and supported the elite class structure. But Pennock (2011) argues that to simply write off Aztecs as bloodthirsty and uncivilized mass murderers misses the central purpose of human sacrifice in Aztec society: as a deeply held belief system and part of the requirements for the renewal, sustaining and refreshing of life. Forms of Aztec Sacrifices Chac-Mool (divine messenger bearing offerings) in stone with traces of colour, Sanctuary of Tlaloc, Templo Mayor, Tenochtitlan (Mexico City), Mexico. Aztec civilization, ca 1390 CE. De Agostino / G. Dagli Orti / De Agostini Picture Library / Getty Images Plus Human sacrifice among the Aztec usually involved death by heart extraction. The victims were chosen carefully according to their physical characteristics and how they related to the gods to whom they would be sacrificed. Some gods were honored with brave war captives, other with slaves. Men, women, and children were sacrificed, according to the requirements. Children were specially chosen to be sacrificed to Tlaloc, the rain god. The Aztecs believed that the tears of newborn or very young children could ensure rain. The most important place where sacrifices took place was the Huey Teocalli at the Templo Mayor (Great Temple) of Tenochtitlan. Here a specialist priest removed the heart from the victim and threw the body down the steps of the pyramid; and the victims head was cut off and placed on the tzompantli, or skull rack. Mock Battles and Flowery Wars However, not all sacrifices took place on top of pyramids. In some cases, mock-battles were organized between the victim and a priest, in which the priest fought with real weapons and the victim, tied to a stone or a wooden frame, fought with wooden or feathered ones. Children sacrificed to Tlaloc were often carried to the god’s sanctuaries on top of the mountains that surround Tenochtitlan and the Basin of Mexico in order to be offered to the god. The chosen victim would be treated as a personification on earth of the god until the sacrifice took place. The preparation and purification rituals often lasted more than one year, and during this period the victim was taken care of, fed, and honored by servants. The Sun Stone of Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina (or Montezuma I, who ruled between 1440-1469) is an enormous carved monument discovered at the Templo Mayor in 1978. It features elaborate carvings of 11 enemy city-states and likely served as a gladiatorial stone, a dramatic platform for gladiatorial combat between Mexica warriors and captives. Most ritual killings were practiced by religious specialists, but Aztec rulers themselves often took part in the dramatic ritual sacrifices such as the dedication of Tenochtitlans Templo Mayor in 1487. Ritual human sacrifice also took place during elite feasting, as part of a display of power and material wealth. Categories of Human Sacrifice Mexican archaeologist Alfredo Là ³pez Austin (1988) described four types of Aztec sacrifice: images, beds, owners of skin, and payments. Images (or ixpitla) are sacrifices in which the victim was costumed as a particular god, becoming transformed into the deity at a magic ritual time. These sacrifices repeated the ancient mythical time when a god died so his force would be reborn, and the death of the human-god impersonators allowed the rebirth of the god. The second category was what Là ³pez Austin called the beds of the gods, referring to retainers, those victims killed in order to accompany an elite personage to the underworld. The owners of skins sacrifice is that associated with Xipe Totec, those victims whose skins were removed and worn as costumes in rituals. These rituals also provided body part war trophies, in which the warriors who captured the victim were awarded a femur to display at home. Human Remains as Evidence Apart from the Spanish and indigenous texts describing rituals involving human sacrifice, there is also ample archaeological evidence for the practice. Recent investigations at the Templo Mayor have identified the burials of high-ranking personages who were ritually buried following cremation. But the majority of human remains found in Tenochtitlan excavations were sacrificed individuals, some beheaded and some with their throats cut. One offering at the Templo Mayor (#48) contained the remains of approximately 45 children sacrificed to  Tlaloc. Another at  Tlatelolcos Temple R, dedicated to the Aztec god of the rain, Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl, contained 37 children and six adults. This sacrifice was carried out at Temple Rs dedication during the great drought and famine of 1454–1457 CE. The Tlatelolco project has identified thousands of human burials which were ritually deposited or sacrificially offered. In addition, evidence of human blood residue at the House of the Eagles in Tenochtitlans ceremonial precinct indicates bloodletting activities. Là ³pez Austins fourth category was sacrificial debt payments. These types of sacrifices are epitomized by the creation myth of Quetzalcoatl (the Feathered Serpent) and Tezcatlipoca (Smoking Mirror) who transformed into serpents and tore apart the earth goddess, Tlaltecuhtli, angering the rest of the Aztec pantheon. To make amends, the Aztecs needed to feed Tlaltecuhtlis endless hunger with human sacrifices, thereby staving off total destruction. How Many? According to some Spanish records, 80,400 people were slaughtered at the dedication of the Templo Mayor, a number likely exaggerated by either the Aztecs or the Spanish, both of whom had reason to inflate the numbers. The number 400 had a significance to Aztec society, meaning something like too many to count or the biblical notion involved in the word legion. There is no doubt that an unusually high number of sacrifices did occur, and 80,400 could be construed to mean 201 times too many to count. Based on the Florentine codex, scheduled rituals included a figure of around 500 victims a year; if those rituals were conducted in each of the calpulli districts of the city, that would be multiplied by 20. Pennock argues persuasively for an annual number of victims in Tenochtitlan of between 1,000 and 20,000. Edited and updated by K. Kris Hirst Sources Ball, Tanya Corissa. The Power of Death: Hierarchy in the Representation of Death in Pre- and Post-Conquest Aztec Codices. Multilingual Discourses 1.2 (2014): 1–34. Print.Berdan, Frances F. Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Print.Boone, Elizabeth Hill, and Rochelle Collins. The Petroglyphic Prayers on the Sun Stone of Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina. Ancient Mesoamerica 24.2 (2013): 225–41. Print.De Lucia, Kristin. Everyday Practice and Ritual Space: The Organization of Domestic Ritual in Pre-Aztec Xaltocan, Mexico. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 24.03 (2014): 379–403. Print.Klein, Cecelia F. Gender Ambiguity and the Toxcatl Sacrifice. Tezcatlipoca: Trickster and Supreme Deity. Ed. Baquedano, Elizabeth. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2014. 135–62. Print.Là ³pez Austin, Alfredo. The Human Body and Ideology: Concepts of the Ancient Nahuas. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1988.Pennock, Caroline Dodds. Mass Murder or Religious Homicide? Rethinking Human Sacrifice and Interpersonal Violence in Aztec Society. Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung 37.3 (141) (2012): 276–302. Print. Schwartz, Glenn M. The Archaeological Study of Sacrifice. Annual Review of Anthropology 46.1 (2017): 223–40. Print.Watts, Joseph, et al. Ritual Human Sacrifice Promoted and Sustained the Evolution of Stratified Societies. Nature 532.7598 (2016): 228–31. Print.

A Girl Making Bikes Fly Professor Ramos Blog

A Girl Making Bikes Fly I never imagined that a girl like me would be on a dirt bike, flying up in the air and racing against a bunch of boys. I never thought I could do it or thought I had it in me to be so fearless, or so strong. When everyone thinks of riding motorcycles or doing anything dangerous they think that it’s a man doing it. I was a girl who weighed 120lbs and had never ridden my life. Growing up my dad and my older brother both had dirt bikes, and every year took trips out to the desert when riding season came around, and every year I wanted to go with them, but they wouldn’t let me. I would always ask my dad if I could get a bike of my own, but he never wanted his fragile precious daughter to ride a motorbike and hurt herself. When I got older and was able to make decisions on my own, a boyfriend I had at the time, had a dirt bike and would go to a track that was nearby and ride or race when they had racing events. One day he invited me out to the track to watch a race. I had never been to a track before or even knew they were around. When we got there, he explained to me there were a few different tracks that had different levels. There was the beginner, intermediate and the main track. The main track was the hardest and had the biggest jumps, and these were the kind of jumps that if you didn’t land where you were supposed to, you were most likely going to land in the hospital. When I got out of the truck I was so excited, all I could hear was the motors. These people were going as fast as they could, trying to pass each other and souring through the air jumping these huge jumps, and as they went around turns dirt was flying from their back tires. I had never seen anything like it, other than on th e tv.   Out with all of the them, I saw this bad ass chick riding a dirt bike jumping all the same jumps they were, I thought that was so awesome, I wanted to go out there so bad and ride with her. They all made it look so easy, and I thought if she could do it, so could I. I was so stuck on that day, literally two weeks later I went out and got a dirt bike, a CRF 250. Now, the first time I rode it was definitely not on the track or else I would’ve been murdered from getting ran over by everyone riding, or just hurt myself because I had no idea what I was doing. So, we took the bikes up to some land his parents owned, and he began to teach me. I started off slow, and when I say slow I mean I was totally afraid to take my feet off the ground and go.   Plus, the bike was tall and heavy, so I was on my tip toes trying to keep it up, I probably looked like a teeter totter. If you don’t have the muscle memory, or just muscle in general, its really easy to tip over. So, there was a lot of falling down without even going anywhere. Eventually, I got a hang of taking my feet off of the ground and at least moving. We went to his parents land a few more times to practice so that when It came time to go to the track I could at least ride without kil ling myself. When it came time to go to the track I was so nervous. As you can imagine, I started on the beginner’s track. The beginners track was the easiest, it was smaller than the rest and all the jumps were tabletops. Tabletops are exactly how they sound, they look like tables, theyre jumps where you could jump on top of it, or jump the whole thing and land in the landing. Well, I rolled over them, as these little kids on their tiny bikes flew by me like I was standing still. I was definitely a fish out of water. While I had my boyfriend on his bike riding next to me yelling out â€Å"lean†! or â€Å"Faster†! encouraging me to ride better. One of the next times we went, I finally built up the courage to go faster over a jump and I actually got the bike off of the ground. I ran to my boyfriend and yelled â€Å"I finally did it†. Now, it might have just been a few inches off the ground, but I was so happy. We started to go a lot more and I would practice and practic e. Eventually, I was able to jump the whole jump! I was obsessed with the rush. After going so much, I was able to ride the whole beginners track and was ready to move on to the intermediate track which was   harder. On that track I had to start over again, rolling jumps and slowly turn without tipping over. Sometimes, I would get frustrated from not being able to jump the jumps since they were a lot bigger, there was a lot more people, and the track was more strategic..   The biggest jumps on that track were both tabletops, one was about 30 ft and the other was a little bigger. I tried to jump them but would end up just jumping on top of the face of it, too afraid of going so fast and didn’t want to hurt myself. My boyfriend told me that if I wanted to jump it, I was going to have to go faster, to get it out of second gear and pin it, so that’s what I did. I came at the jump in third gear and cleared it! I eventually ended up clearing both the big jumps and was able to ride the   whole rest of the track without a breeze. I fell in love with it so much, I started loading up my bike up and go to the track by myself. One day I heard there was going to be a race held at the track, so I decided to enter it. I entered men’s beginner. I was so nervous that day and the days before it. I remember gearing up, riding my bike to the starting gate, almost having a heart attack.   But I was ready, the gates went down and off we went. I rode as fast as I could I jumped all of the jumps and finished all five laps, I felt so accomplished, I ended up last, but I still felt accomplished. I did not care at all that I got last, all I wanted to do is say I raced and finished! A few month later   ended up in another race, signing up for the men’s beginners   and women’s beginners . In men’s I ended up beating one of the guys. I actually almost landed on him because he didn’t jump one of those big table tops. He should’ve pinned it. He wasn’t too happy that I beat him, but I sure was. And I ended up getting first in the women’s race. Now whenever I tell anyone I rode dirt bikes they look at me funny, because they would have never expected me â€Å"a girl† to do anything so crazy, or dangerous. But they also thought it was pretty awesome. I proved that I could do anything I wanted to do, even if i am a girl. Thanks to that bad ass chick I saw out there riding, I became one myself. Sorry Dad, I’m not so fragile after all.

Young peoples attitudes experience of following a healthy diet Literature review

Young peoples attitudes experience of following a healthy diet - Literature review Example This paper however focuses only on young people’s attitudes and views on having a healthy diet as early life attitudes would most likely be carried over to adult stage if no intervention or correction is made at an early stage. A healthy or balanced diet includes that the amount of food taken by the body which should be enough to cover all the nutrition and vitamins the body needs (WHO, 2004). Having of course healthy diet can become a part of health lifestyle that could lead to longer life since the same could prevent the risks of having diet related diseases such as: obesity, anorexia, cancer, diabetes and many more. As such, knowing the opinions of young people on healthy diet has direct relationship on what influences their attitudes towards the subject of healthy diet and even their life style. Knowledge on their attitudes and predisposition would then lead to knowing the proper intervention that should be made. Bellisle (2004) claimed that many of the young people are not following dietary guideline for a healthy food and life style. The main consumer of fast food are young or about seventy percent of 16 to 21 years of age eat fast food at least once a month (Stokes and Lomax, 2008). What then are reasons of the young people for preferring unhealthy diet as could be best exemplified by fast food? Young people would rather prefer to eat fast food more than old people due the need to save time and money as most of young people are students (Bell isle, 2004). Students at present times need to adjust with different demands including their school requirement. Another reason for preference unhealthy diet is lack of awareness of its ill effects (Bellisle, 2004. This therefore implies lack of knowledge on the importance of having healthy diet on human health. Ignorance as cause is curable by education. If education has taught young people how to do some skill or do some productive work, then their knowing the importance of balance diet to

Sleep, napping and cyrcadian dysrhythmia in aviation Essay

Sleep, napping and cyrcadian dysrhythmia in aviation - Essay Example If fatigue is caused by a longer time period the reaction will be seen in timing errors in response sequences or less smooth control. While it will result in reducing the attention which will affect the preoccupation with single tasks or elements or even reducing audiovisual scan. Fatigue can also cause diminished memory which will lead in forgetting peripheral tasks or even reverting to â€Å"old† habit patterns. While withdrawn mood results in, less likeliness of conversing and less likely to perform low-demand tasks Circadian rhythms  are intrinsic biological clock with regular changes in mental and physical characteristics occurring every 24 to 25 hours. Many of these bodily circadian rhythms are controlled by the body’s biological "clock." This includes blood pressure, heart rate, core body temperature etc. The typical circadian cycle, performance peaks between 12pm and 9pm and falls to a minimum circadian trough between 03am and 06am. As the body clock is inherently capable of monitoring the passage of time, it differs from most clocks in that its period is flexible and must be set, or synchronized, before it can accurately predict the timing of periodic environmental events. Entrainment is accomplished by external synchronizers, Zeitgebers like at sunrise or sunset, ambient temperature, meals or by social cues. Circadian rhythm  is a modern problem and is symptomology. It directly affects our performances, mood, motivation, and behavior. It also results in sleep disturbances, lassitude, anxiety, irritability, and depression. While sometime it has slow reaction times, defective memory for recent events, errors in computations, and a tendency to accept lower standards of performance. So, if someone is rapidly traveling from one time zone to another, the body clock and rhythms it controls must resynchronize to the local geophysical and social zeitgebers. For example eastward travel shortens the day while westward travel

Effect of Online Gaming to the Students Essay Example for Free

Effect of Online Gaming to the Students Essay * An online game is a video game played over some form of computer network, using a personal computer or video game console. * Online gaming is a technology rather than a genre, a mechanism for connecting players together rather than a particular pattern of gameplay. Online games are played over some form of computer network, typically on the Internet. One advantage of online games is the ability to connect to multiplayer games, although single-player online games are quite common as well. A second advantage of online games is that a great percentage of games don’t require payment. Also third that is worth noting is the availability of wide variety of games for all type of game players. Can video games make you smarter begins with asking what youre looking to gain by playing them. Did you know that: * Point: Video games are fun, but theyre not very productive or useful. * Counterpoint: One of the biggest benefits of video games and other interactive training techniques is that they offer a type of engaging and interesting activity that can help build and practice new skills * Point: Video games only train you in specific skills, which doesnt impart any greater ability to approach new challenges or obstacles. * Counterpoint: The key here is in the design and goals of the game in question. Whatever the game aims to train is what youll learn. Games that take the problem solving puzzles and critical thinking exercises that most of us remember as schoolchildren and update them with an interactive and adult-targeted medium can still impart those skills to older players. The issue with many brain training video games is that they want you to believe that youre getting smarter by increasing your cognitive ability, or somehow protecting your brain from decay or the effects of aging by playing them. That may not be true, but games carefully designed to build problem solving, critical thinking, and reading comprehension skills will help you build those skills. * Point: If games in general can help you learn specific skills, theres no need for video games specifically. You can just pick up a crossword, textbook, or mystery novel and hone those same skills. * Counterpoint: The big difference between picking up the New York Timescrossword and playing the iPhone version, or playing Scrabble at a table versus with other people in an internet-connected game like Words with Friends, is really in the person who plays the game. Strictly, interactive media are an artifact of our time, and appeal to people who would otherwise reject those older mediums in favor of newer ones. In addition to catering to our desire to be constantly connected and our need for immediate feedback and rapid-fire puzzles and challenges, video games resonate with us in a way that other media doesnt. That isnt to say theres no place for an old-fashioned mystery novel to challenge a reader to decipher an authors carefully laid clues before they get to the last page, but theres certainly room for both. There Are Psychological, Physical, and Therapeutic Benefits to Video Games, Too * In addition to the benefits of learning new things and developing new skills, video games—when properly applied—can have therapeutic and mental health benefits. If you play video games as a hobby or for relaxation, you likely already know that they can help you relieve stress and anxiety and help you relax. Negative effects of online gaming: * Since the advent of coin operated arcade games, video games have come a long way and spread to the homes of many children and teenagers, in both developed and developing countries (Bryant Vorderer, 2006). On one hand, the fierce competitions among the gaming giants such as Nintendo, Sony, and Microsoft can be blamed for this phenomenon; while on the other hand, the internet alone is responsible for placing a universe full of games at arms reach of anyone with a computer and a decent internet connection. However, many games are not suitable for certain age groups. These include games which contain material that is explicit in either the lyrics of its songs, its bloody and gory action scenes, or even scenes that are considered borderline pornographic (in the game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, the main character can enter strip clubs and receive lap dances) (Allofgta, 2008). Usually, many of the games containing significant amounts of violence are designed for mature audiences; nevertheless, their popularity among teenagers and children, who ironically constitute the largest contributors to the profits reaped from these games, is always on the rise. In Lebanon and many other countries in the middle east, no video game rating system or law exists, which allows children and teenagers to buy any game they want. Consequently, as Vorderer and Bryant explain (2006), young video game players may be exposed to substantially more violent content than ever before * Excessive violence in video games has many significant negative effects on children and teenagers. The nature of todays gaming market doesnt seem to help the situation at all. Every year, hundreds of new games are released into stores, adding to an already abundant library of blood and gore, which leads to a decrease in the price of previous years games. In addition, since the price of CDs and game related hardware is on the decline, it is becoming easier and more economical for children and teenagers to play these games in the comfort of their own home, instead of paying hourly fees at Local area network gaming centers * Other pro-violent video game activists take on a whole different approach in their defense strategy. * Three major negative effects are manifested in the majority of gamers who play violent video games. To begin with, gamers show a weakening in their pro social behavior, which include poorerrelationships and drug related problems. Secondly, users start to exhibit violent behavior which can manifest itself in their thoughts or physically. Finally, desensitization, the loss of proper response to violent images, also lurks behind these games. * Video games are the subject of so many studies, not to mention findings. Some suggest cognitive benefits, others behavioral issues that may or may not persist over time. Importance of the studies * The researcher also believes that not only the students will be benefited from the findings of the study but the instructors and the faculties as well. For they will be advised what to do to give more emphasis to the studies and the learning of the students. They will have an idea on how to get the attention of the students through their studies. Students most specially who has lower grades or failing grades. Definition of Terms There are terms of this study the student researchers defined to help the reader understand well the terms used. * Age. stage of life: a stage or phase in the lifetime of somebody or something length of somebodys or somethings existence | * Dropped. lessen: to decrease to a lower level, rate, or number, or make something do this * Effects of on line games   * Failed. unsuccessful: unsuccessful, or not having done what is expected or needed * Gender. Gender is a range of characteristics of femininity and masculinity.[1] Depending on the context, the term may refer to the sex * Passed. be successful, or declare somebody successful: to be successful in a test or examination, or officially decide that somebody has been successful in a test or examination

Jess Martin The Theme Of The Outsiders :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Outsiders, an enthralling tale by S.E. Hinton, is an excellent story about the hardships and triumphs experienced by the Greasers and the Socs, two rival gangs. This novel suggests the stories ¹ content because the Greasers are a gang of social outcasts and misfits. This novel ¹s theme is very specific; people, no matter what their social background, strive for the same goals and experience the same disappointments. This novel shows this theme throughout a detailed story line.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The fictional novel is set in a moderate-size city, possibly near Texas, in the late 1960 ¹s. Ponyboy, the main character, lives with his brothers as a greaser. One day Ponyboy and Johnny, Ponyboy ¹s best friend, get jumped by a group of Socs. The Socs start to drown Ponyboy in a fountain. Johnny, realizing they might kill Ponyboy, kills Bob, one of the Socs with his switchblade. Johnny and Ponyboy run to a fellow Greaser, Dally, who is always in trouble with the law. Dally helps them by giving them some money, a gun, and a place to hide. They hide in a church outside of town for a week until Dally says it ¹s okay to come out. They go out to eat and when they get back to the church they find it burning. When they see that there are kids inside and the fire could have been started by their cigarettes, they run inside to save the kids. Johnny and Dally are hurt in the fire and taken to the hospital. They are hailed as heroes in the local paper. Dally breaks out of the hospital to fight in a rumble against the Socs. While the Greasers beat the Socs, Johnny dies in the hospital. When Dally finds out he goes out and robs a grocery store. When the cops pull up he pulls out an empty gun so the cops shoot him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theme of this novel is that all people are set back at times and they all want the same basic things. This theme is expressed in the novel several times. Disappointments are shown when Bob dies and the Socs grieve for him, when Ponyboy ¹s parents die and they are upset, and when Johnny dies and it disturbs the Greasers. It is shown that the Greasers and Socs strive for the same goals when Darry, Ponyboy ¹s older brother, tells him that he should succeed in school and make something of himself, and

Online Student Profile Management System

ONLINE STUDENT PROFILE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM by GREESHMA MALGIREDDY B. Tech. , Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, 2007 A REPORT submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Computing and Information Sciences College of Engineering KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas. 2010. Approved by: Major Professor Dr. Daniel Andresen. AbstractAll the students who are enrolled in Computing and Information Sciences (CIS) major in Kansas State University are required to submit their Program of Study (POS) which they manually do by filling in all the necessary details and submit the form to the department. The main objective of this project is to develop an online submission of program of study. The online student profile management system is a web-based application that provides students of CIS major to submit their program of study in an easy and efficient manner.This application mainly allows the students to enter their personal info rmation (viz. , contact information, previous education) and to choose core as well as non-core courses of their choice. In addition the faculty of CIS department can also log on to the application and view the POS of the students by entering their wildcat ID. The primary focus is to get familiar with . NET framework and to code in C#. NET. This in turn uses MS SQL server 2005 as database for storing and retrieving of data. This project is implemented using C#.NET on Microsoft visual studio 2005. Table of contents List of Figures †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ v List of Tables †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ vi Acknowledgements †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. vii CHAPTER 1-†¦ [continues]

Service Management and Customer Relation †Service Quality Essay – Hilton Hotels

Service Management and Customer Relation – Service Quality Essay Hilton is a global hotel chain which has much success in their many hotels across the world. Their service is exceptional thanks to their employees and their ability to relate to their customers. The Hilton airport hotel in Copenhagen is a good service operation because of its clear site-map and direction. This amazing location gives you a perfect way to store your baggage in the last minutes and lets you escape the early morning drive to the airport, because it takes two minute walk to the airport.The market segment is those who stay overnight waiting for a plane and those who spend quality time there, either as a businessman or a tourist. The service quality is good when the expectations of the market segment are met. For this, the enterprise needs to provide both professional and leisure activities, such as high-class services, professional meeting rooms, spa, gym and extravagant restaurants. The delivery syst em refers to the correspondence between the employees and the customers during their stay in a hotel.It is the most important way to provide high quality service, because it combines the customer, the technology and the procedure of deliverance. Hilton maintains high-quality service through their well-trained and carefully chosen employees and it shows via the high number of satisfied customers. Hilton’s image reflects elegance and class, yet they are able to cater to different needs. The quality has become part of the Hilton’s image due to the hard working employees and the memorable experience it is able to provide.The quality is further enhanced thanks to the high level of attention paid to the sustainability of the hotel in general. High expectations have become part of Hilton’s image as well and this is part of what makes the service of excellent quality. Service quality is part of what the culture of Hilton stands for. Integrity, teamwork and leadership ar e the main values of Hilton and these bind together to be able to provide high quality service, due to the constant attention and training of their employees and their welfare, so that they can be comfortable in providing top-notch quality.Hilton teaches their employees how to act in different situations and this allows it to become such a high standard. The Hilton Airport Hotel in Copenhagen is only one of many hotels in the popular chain, but in unison they all display the same level of high quality in their service and staff and this makes Hilton a favorable destination and a high-quality business.

Genealogy of Legendary Singer James Brown

Genealogy of Legendary Singer James Brown The man often referred to as the Godfather of Soul was born James Joseph Brown in a small shack in rural Barnwell County, South Carolina. His father, Joe Gardner Brown, was of mixed African-American and Native American descent, and his mother, Susie Behling, was of mixed African-American and Asian descent. This family tree is presented with an  ahnentafel  numbering system. Check these tips for reading this family tree. First Generation 1. James Joseph Brown was born on May 3, 1933, outside of Barnwell, in Barnwell County, South Carolina, to Joseph Gardner Brown and Susie Behling. When he was four his mother left him in the care of his father. Two years later his father took him to Augusta, Georgia, where he lived with his paternal great-aunt Hansom (Scott) Washington. His aunt Minnie Walker also helped with his upbringing. James Brown married four times. He wed his first wife, Velma Warren, on June 19, 1953, in Toccoa, in Augusta County, Georgia, and had three children with her: Terry, Teddy (1954–June 14, 1973), and Larry. That marriage ended in divorce in 1969. James Brown next married Deidre Jenkins, with whom he had children Deanna Crisp, Yamma Noyola, Venisha, and Daryl. According to his autobiography, they were married on the front porch of a probate judge in Barnwell on October 22, 1970, and divorced on January 10, 1981. In 1984, James Brown married Adrienne Lois Rodriguez. They separated in April 1994 and had no children. The marriage ended when Adrienne died on January 6, 1996, in California from complications following plastic surgery. In December 2001, James Brown married his fourth wife, Tomi Rae Hynie, at his home on Beech Island, South Carolina. Their son, James Joseph Brown II, was born on June 11, 2001, although James Brown questioned his paternity. Second Generation (Parents) 2. Joseph Gardner Brown, known affectionately as Pops, was born on March 29, 1911, in Barnwell County, South Carolina, and died July 10, 1993, in Augusta, Georgia. According to family history, his father was a married man and his mother worked as a housekeeper in the home. The story says he was born Joe Gardner and took the name Brown from the woman who raised him after his mother left him, Mattie Brown. 3. Susie Behling  was born Aug. 8, 1916, in Colleton County, South Carolina and died Feb. 26, 2004, in Augusta, Georgia. Joe Brown and Susie Behling were married, and their only child was James Brown: 1 i. James Joseph Brown Third Generation (Grandparents): 4.–5. The parents of Joseph Gardner Brown are uncertain, but his siblings (or half-siblings) were the children of Edward (Eddie) Evans and wife, Lilla (surname possibly Williams). Edward and Lilla Evans appear in the 1900 U.S. Census in Barnwell County, South Carolina, and in the 1910 U.S. Census in Buford Bridge, Bamberg County, South Carolina. By 1920 it appears that Edward and Lilla Evans had died, and their children are listed as the children of their aunt and uncle, Melvin and Josephine Scott in Richland, in Barnwell County, South Carolina. This means that either Edward Evans or Lilla Williams is a parent of Joe Brown. 6. Monnie Behling was born about March 1889 in South Carolina and died between 1924 and 1930, probably in South Carolina. His parents were Stephen Behling, born about May 1857, and Sarah, born about December 1862, both in South Carolina. 7. Rebecca Bryant  was born about 1892 in South Carolina. Her parents were Perry Bryant, born about 1859, and Susan, born about 1861 in South Carolina. Monnie Behling and Rebecca Bryant were married and had the following children: i. Docia Behling, born about 1908ii. Arris Behling, born about 1910iii. Jettie Behling, born about 19123. iv. Susie Behlingv. Monroe Behling, born about 1919 in Fish Pond, in Bamberg County, South Carolina, who died May 4, 1925, in Bamberg County, South Carolinavi. Woodrow Behling, born May 24, 1921, in Fish Pond, in Bamberg County, South Carolina, who died May 25, 1921, in Fish Pond, Bamberg County, South Carolinavii. James Earl Behling, born Feb 5, 1924, in Fish Pond, in, Bamberg County, South Carolina, who died July 3, 2005, in Bamberg County, South Carolina

6 Ways to Handle Employment Gaps on Your Resume

6 Ways to Handle Employment Gaps on Your Resume Have you had to bounce around a bit? Worried your recent job history will appear a bit erratic to potential employers? Though job hopping is becoming less and less stigmatized, and more and more employers and recruiters will be sensitive to the particular challenges of the marketplace and the current economy, there are still some situations wherein it’s best to downplay all your job activity. Here are 6  ways to minimize the damage of having employment gaps on your resume1. SummarizeIf you don’t already have a summary paragraph at the top of your resume, now’s the time to add one. Use it to define yourself, and then to guide the recruiter through the bullet points and information she’s about to take in. Use it to show how best to interpret your multiple recent job changes, and what narrative to take away from that. If you give a recruiter a greater narrative, that should stick with them. And, if you’re worried that recruiters might think youâ€⠄¢d be a flight risk? Emphasize in your summary that you are looking for a long-term position, or to be somewhere for the long haul. Get out in front of the story, as they say in the media.2. FocusOn three or four of your recent jobs and flesh them out in more detail than you normally would. Then make a more summarized section on previous employment, including multiple jobs within those dates, to minimize the feeling of having hopped around from job to job during that time.3. Find coherenceIf you can find a through-line to connect all of your hopping, then you’re golden. Perhaps these were all positions within the same field, or in hopes of rocketing up the ladder, or learning new skills. Or if you’ve hopped from industry to industry, emphasize instead the work you do, and how you’ve been trying to hone in on the perfect niche for it. Make your job hopping an asset by making it tell a story.4. Be honestIf you were laid off as the result of a merger or acquisitio n, or you were a contract worker, then some of your hopping was not at all your fault. It is totally okay to explain this on your resume. A quick parenthetical (formerly X Company) next to the company name will be a good start. Your summary paragraph will also help here.5. Fudge the monthsIf you can get away with taking out the months in your dates, and just leaving the years, then you can give the illusion of having worked at a place longer than you did. Using years only helps you to smooth over short-term gigs. You can also put the dates to the right of the job headings, rather than the left, to deemphasize them.6. Try a hybridIf all else fails, the hybrid resume might be for you. This is a new way of thinking about the resume, emphasizing your skills first, and your bulleted, chronological history second. Choose four to five responsibilities or skills or job facets that you’ve excelled in, across all of your jobs, and sell yourself as a primo candidate. By the time the hir ing manager gets to the second page with your list of actual job experience, she’ll already be convinced you can do the job.

Ethical theory and bio ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical theory and bio ethics - Essay Example Kantian ethics revolve around Kant’s principle of Categorical Imperative. Two major formulations of this principle are: formula of the universal law, and formula of the end in itself. I think that Kantian ethics are not flexible, and are based on duty rather than consequences. They become a problem in situations where compassion and empathy has to be preferred over duty. Greek ethics before Socrates focused on ethike arà ªte in carrying out a responsibility efficiently. Ethike arà ªte presented role-defined ethics, and formed the basis for many ethical principles. However, Socrates changed this perception, asserting that there have to be distinctive ethike arà ªte for every individual. I feel this change was important to shift from a broader sense of ethical characteristics to a narrow one. For example, Greek ethics before Socrates tended to ask, â€Å"What are the good traits of a physician?’ Socrates changed this to a narrow sense as, â€Å"What are the good traits of a person who seeks to be a

Explore the benifits and chalenges o conducting multi-paradiam Essay

Explore the benifits and chalenges o conducting multi-paradiam research - Essay Example Thomas Kuhn, who is known for the discussing of meaning ‘paradigm’ in his famous book  The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, characterized paradigm as â€Å"an integrated cluster of substantive concepts, variables and problems attached with corresponding methodological approaches and tools†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  (p.43).  Kuhn also specified the questions, which should be clarified within a paradigm to consider it as a valid base for a scientific research. A paradigm has to define what should be studied, what question and how should be asked, and also, which rules the researcher should follow to interpret obtained results. The notion of paradigm considers as the broadest unit of consensus, which serves to differentiate one scientific community from another. It appears to be a set of principles and axioms that relates to research process on the stage of assessment of a problem up to its solution.  Paradigms define and correlate theories, methods and instruments, accept ed within a scientific research. Analyzing the main paradigms, dominating in modern science, such as positivism, post positivism, critical theory, and constructivism, Guba and Lincoln (1994), represented their opinion about the role of paradigms, their assumptions, and the implications of those assumptions for research. â€Å"Paradigms define for the [researcher] what it is they are about, and what falls within and outside the limits of legitimate [research]† (Guba and Lincoln, 1994, p. 108). The authors states that the basic beliefs that define a particular research paradigm may be summarized by the responses given to three fundamental questions: the ontological question (what is the form and nature of reality), the epistemological question (what is the nature of the relationship between a researcher and the object of research), and the methodological question (how can the inquirer go about finding out whatever he/ she believes can be known)  (pp. 105-117). From this aspec t, we will analyze some of the well- known paradigms such as positivism and critical theory. Positivism. French philosopher August Comte (1798–1857) was the initiator of positivist paradigm, based on the philosophical ideas of observation and reasoning as the main ways of understanding reality and human behavior. According to August Comte, true knowledge is based on experience of senses and can be obtained by observation and experiment. Positivistic thinkers adopted his scientific method for knowledge generation. The main postulates of the positivist paradigm consist in understanding of nature as an objective, true reality, which is governed by unchangeable natural laws. Nature has its stable, pre-existing patterns and order that can be discovered. Positivism considers human nature to be described from the behaviorist approach, asserting the external factors play the main role in the formation of the similar specific behavior of everyone, who has been influenced the same obje ctive factors. Accurate and certain, knowledge should be described in a systematic way, and verify hypotheses that can be regarded as facts or laws. The role of research is uncovering the natural laws of reality, scientifically explaining, predicting and controlling phenomena. A researcher have to be objective, independent from influencing the subject of research, and eliminate any bias or subjective values within research. The main methods of research are empirical and experimental, structured observation, quantification or measurement. The results of research consider true, if