Countries Using the Euro as Their Currency

On January 1, 1999, one of the largest steps toward European unification took place with the introduction of the euro as the official currency in 12 countries (Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain). The establishment of a common currency had the aims of greater economic integration and the unification of Europe as a common market. It also would enable easier transactions between people of different countries by having fewer conversions from currency to currency. Creating the euro was also seen as a way to keep the peace due to the economic integration of the countries. Key Takeaways: The Euro The goal of the establishment of the Euro was to make European commerce easier and more integrated.The currency debuted in 2002 in a dozen countries. More have since signed on, and additional countries plan to.The euro and the dollar are key to global markets. At first,  the euro was used in trades between banks and tracked alongside the countries currencies. Banknotes and coins came out a few years later for the public to  use in everyday  transactions. Residents of the first European Union countries that adopted the euro began using the banknotes and coins on January 1, 2002. People had to use up all their cash in the countries old paper money and coinage before mid-year that year, when they would no longer be accepted in monetary transactions and the euro would be used exclusively. The Euro: â‚ ¬ The symbol for the euro is a rounded E with one or two cross lines: â‚ ¬. Euros are divided into euro cents, each euro cent  consisting of one one-hundredth of a euro. Euro Countries The euro is one of the worlds most powerful currencies, used by more than 175 million Europeans in 19 of  28 EU member countries, as well as some countries that are not formally members of the EU. Countries currently using the euro: Andorra (not an EU member)AustriaBelgiumCyprusEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceIrelandItalyKosovo (not all countries recognize Kosovo as an independent nation)LatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMaltaMonaco (not in the EU)Montenegro (not in the EU)The NetherlandsPortugalSan Marino (not in the EU)SlovakiaSloveniaSpainVatican City (not in the EU) Territories that use the euro: Akrotiri and Dhekelia (British territory)French Southern and Antarctic LandsSaint Bathelemy (overseas collectivity of France)Saint Martin (overseas collectivity of France)Saint Pierre and Miquelon (overseas collectivity of France) Countries that do not use the euro, but are part of the Single Euro Payments Area, which allows simplified bank transfers: BulgariaCroatiaCzech RepublicDenmarkHungaryIcelandLiechtensteinNorwayPolandRomaniaSwedenSwitzerlandUnited Kingdom Recent and Future Euro Countries On January 1, 2009, Slovakia started using the euro, and Estonia began using it on January 1, 2011. Latvia joined in on January 1, 2014, and Lithuania began using the euro January 1, 2015. EU members the United Kingdom, Denmark, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, and Sweden dont use the euro as of 2019. New EU member countries are working toward becoming part of the eurozone. Romania planned to start using the currency in 2022, and Croatia planned to adopt it in 2024.   Countries economies are evaluated every two years to see if theyre strong enough to adopt the euro, using figures such as interest rates, inflation, exchange rates, gross domestic product, and government debt. The EU takes these measures of economic stability to evaluate whether a new eurozone country would be less likely to need a fiscal stimulus or bailout after joining. The financial crisis in 2008 and its fallout, such as the controversy of whether Greece should be bailed out or leave the eurozone, put some strain on the EU. Why Some Countries Dont Use It Great Britain and Denmark are the two countries that, as part of the EU, opted out of adopting the currency. Great Britain even voted to leave the European Union in the Brexit vote in 2016, so as of 2019, the currency issue looked to be a moot point. The pound sterling is a major currency in the world, so leaders didnt see the need to adopt anything else at the time the euro was created. Countries that dont use the euro maintain the independence of their economies, such as the ability to set their own interest rates and other monetary policies; the flip side is that they must manage their own financial crises and cant go to the European Central Bank for assistance. However, not having an economy interdependent with those of other countries might make some sense. The countries that opted-out of the euro could be more nimble in dealing with a widespread crisis that affects countries differently, such in the case of Greece in 2007–2008. It took years for bailouts of Greece to be decided upon, for example, and Greece couldnt set its own policies or take its own measures. A hot-button issue at the time was whether bankrupt Greece was going to stay in the eurozone or bring back its currency.   Denmark doesnt use the euro but has its currency, the krone, tied to the euro to maintain the countrys economic stability and predictability and to avoid major fluctuations and market speculation on its currency. It is pegged  within a 2.25 percent range of 7.46038 kroner to the euro. Before the creation of the euro, the krone was pegged to the German  Deutsche mark. Euro vs. Dollar The dollar has historically been used as a common currency internationally, just like English has been a common language between people of different countries. Foreign countries and investors see U.S. Treasury bonds as safe places to put their money because of a stable government  behind the dollar; some countries even hold their financial reserves in dollars. The currency also has size and liquidity, which are needed to be a major world player. When the euro was first established, the exchange rate was set based on the European Currency Unit, which was based on a collection of European currencies. It generally runs a little higher than the dollar. Its historical low was 0.8225 (October 2000), and its historical high was 1.6037, reached in July 2008 during the subprime mortgage crisis and the failure of the Lehman Brothers financial services company. Professor Steve Hanke, writing in Forbes in 2018, postulated that setting an exchange rate zone of stability formally between the euro and dollar would keep the entire global market stable because of the prolonged recession that happened worldwide following the collapse of Lehman Brothers.

Nursing Theory - 1068 Words

At St. Mary’s Hospital there is a need for dedicated admission staff. Several reasons why are: 1. Improve Patient flow 2. Improve Patient satisfaction 3. Increase safety 4. Monitor Flow of visitors Patients currently enter hospital and are either registered at the business office, or directed to another area of the hospital and registered, depending on their business. The current system does not create a controlled environment and causes unnecessary steps for an efficient admission process. Unit Coordinators are currently the main admitters of Emergency Department and Inpatient admits, and because of the multiple interruptions of the Coordinator, mistakes are being made that are costly to the hospital. See problems:†¦show more content†¦Patient sense a lack of professionalism from the staff. A new admission process with role clarity created by having designated admission staff will improve patient perception, stream line admission times, and create a more professional environment. I recommend adding 2 full time employees to the front office. These employees will provide additional daily and weekend coverage for admitting purposes. An average ER admission that has not been entered into Meditec takes 20minutes by a Unit Coordinator who is proficient. This does not include verification of the insurance. These 20 minutes needs to be uninterrupted time. Interruptions happen consistently that adds room for errors. 1. Have an admitter with hours between 0600-2300, 7 days per week. 2. Switch board from 08-1630 M-F Based on a $12.00/hr /40 work weeks with benefits at 20% of wage, 1 employee would be under $3000 per month cost to the hospital. Well below estimated cost of repairing errors per month at $4000. Pat Watkins and I have discussed the front office and function. It is not HIPAA compliant. The Switchboard operator needs to be more confined to prevent the conversation from being overheard. The front waiting area has full access to the conversations of staff to patients. Patients are not secluded when admitted. The discussion with Pat focused on using prefab cubicles to help seclude the patient. Leaving the fold down door will add securityShow MoreRelatedNursing Theories Of The Nursing Theory1398 Words   |  6 PagesNursing theories provide a foundation for nurses to professionally base their judgment of care. Florence Nightingale was one of the first nursing theorists. Theories composed by Nightingale were comprised of practice-based theories and environmental theories. Nightingale’s environmental theory is composed of 13 cannons which are fundamental to her theory. Nightingale’s theories continue to be used by present day nurses and nursing students. 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Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory is that all patients want to care for themselves, and they are able to recover more quickly and holistically by performing their own self-careRead MoreNursing Theory1224 Words   |  5 PagesImportance of Theory Paper THE ROY ADAPTATAION MODEL Kandace Wood Chamberlain College of Nursing Course Number: N501 March 2015 Introduction: Theories and models despite not being synonymous are used interchangeably in nursing. In general a theory is considered to be a speculative statement that is concerned with some elements of reality that are not yet proven. There are a number of theories in the field of nursing also which are used toRead MoreNursing Theory And The Field Of Nursing1370 Words   |  6 PagesNursing theories are not a new concept in the field of nursing or health care in general. An extremely well known nursing theorist is Florence Nightingale, but there are other theorists who have also contributed to the field of nursing. 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Determined to Succeed free essay sample

The summer before my senior year I decided that I was going to be the top goalie in the Fall for Varsity so I started training. I would go to the gym, run three miles and do stick workouts in the evenings to advance my skills. Over the summer I created workouts that gave me equal time workout inside, as well as outside, to be prepared for the intense heat during summer tryouts wearing the heavy protective gear.I would also lift weights to strengthen different muscles to get me in better shape. After performing well at tryouts, I still found myself sitting the bench as backup goalie the first two games. Our team lost both games and the Coach put me at the start of the next game and gave me the opportunity to put all my intense summer training to the test. I was able to prove to her during the game that I had the knowledge and skillset to perform to the ability of the team and successfully defend our goal and ensure our win. We will write a custom essay sample on Determined to Succeed or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The coach made me the starting goalie for the rest of the season and we continued to win the rest of our games. Through this experience, I learned that hard work and endurance help to achieve goals, even after initial setbacks. My daily and weekly goals helped me become stronger and very agile with my stick in the goal by the end of the summer. I researched the drills and workouts of the college and Olympic goalies. I learned that worthwhile goals take time to achieve. At the beginning of the summer, I was immediately frustrated with how winded and tired I was after running and doing the drills. After weeks of training, I finally saw the results I needed in order to demonstrate that I should be the starting goalie. I was named the top goalie in the county and at the end of the season I was named as goalie of the County All Star Team. I am different today because I recognize that although I love to play field hockey and help my team win, I am very grateful for the knowledge and confi dence I have in my ability to set and achieve my goals in life.

Psychoneuroimmunology

Introduction In the usual analysis held by many scientists explain that the immune system is self-sufficient. This is to say that it is self dogmatic and occupation split and autonomous for the rest of the body. In the midst of the mounting hub on the comparatively new science of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), these aged reports are becoming less justifiable.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychoneuroimmunology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Psychoneuroimmunology was discovered by Dr.Robert Ader 1975 who was the director and psychosocial medicine at the New York University of Rochester. In his theory, he concluded that there is a connection among our thoughts, our wellbeing and our capability to restore our health. The theory by Dr Robert Ader gives the scientific field of study and the meaning of Psychoneuroimmunology. (Andersen, etal, 1994, p.389) In their theory, they commented that a person’s body and its operations has forever been the theme of enormous attention to many. This science effort was to study the consequences of intellectual and emotional issues in the healing method. Their research also clarifies the protection method of the human body and its resistance to different disarray as it’s mainly influenced by psychosomatic method. There after, Psychoneuroimmunology was extended explaining deep about the human physiology. During this stage, they now involved in the inspection of precise machine in brain which helped in to the immunity and resistance to harm. (Cohen, etal, 1991, p.325) These adjustments in the psychosocial actions have influenced the healthiness structure of people. It is believed that stress and diseases are profoundly associated. You will find that events in people like lose of loved ones or being in a natural disaster sternly influence the immune structure. In there theory, some changes like in hormonal balance, emotional and behavioral are vari ations of stress. The changes are believed to be important in preserving the operating accord of mind and body. Following a certain point, stress influences the stability in both the mental and physical status of the body. (Andersen, etal, 1994, p.389) The theory of Walter Cannon and Hans Selye explains a certain psychopathology. To start with, psychopathology refers to either the study of mind infirmity or psychological distress the sign of behaviors and occurrences which may be indicative of psychological infirmity or mental harm.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If you look keenly, you will find that the theory has connection with psychopathology for they both speak about mental harm which may be resulted by stress. As you continue with the theory, you will find that psychopathology is subjected to the functional collapse in either the cognitive and neurocognitive structure in brai n which is linked with stress. (Cohen, etal, 1991, p.327) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis controls various endocrine functions. Unlike in the endogenous opoid structure plays a great function in the intonation of the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. â€Å"It is said that the endogenous hides the tonic opoid reticence of HPA axis actions which help in releasing the POMC derived hormones in the pituitary and cortical from the adrenal gland†. (Leserman, etal, 200, p.121) The theories done so far shows a confirmation of a sharp boost in adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol ranks in man following intravenous combination of the opoid antagonist naloxone. It is also believed that the acute HPA axis has an effect on verbally managed naltrexone that has been carried out with comparatively diminutive sample sizes (n10). This among others controls various endocrine functions. (Kiecolt-Glaser, Glaser, 1999, p.103) References List Andersen, B. L., Kie colt-Glaser, J. K., and Glaser, R. (1994). A biobehavioral model of cancer stress and disease course. American Psychologist 49(5), 389-404. Cohen, S., Tyrrell, D. A., and Smith, A. P. (1991). Psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold. The New England Journal of Medicine 325(9), 606-12. Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. and Glaser, R. (1999).Psychoneuroimmunology and cancer: fact or fiction? European Journal of Cancer 35, 103-107 Leserman, J., Petitto, J. M., Golden, R. N., Gaynes, B. N., Gu, H., Perkins, D. O., Silva, S. G., Folds, J. D., and Evans, D. L. (2000). Impact of stressful life events, depression, social support, coping, and cortisol on progression to AIDS. The American Journal of Psychiatry 157(8), 121-128.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychoneuroimmunology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Psychoneuroimmunology was written and submitted by user Mr.F1sh to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.